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Alojamiento de las instalaciones

" Una complicación adicional en los edificios modernos es la ubicación de los servicios (...), los servicios se disponen bien por debajo de la viga de mayor canto, en una 'zona de servicios' separada o bien acomodados a través de agujeros practicados en las almas de las vigas. En el primer caso se aumenta notablemente el canto de la construcción, el segundo implica ciertos problemas de mantenimiento y de actualización de las instalaciones (lo cual es probable que se lleve a cabo a los 10-15 años de su construcción).
Esta situación se agrava cuando se precisan grandes luces y es una consideración importante cuando se analizan las opciones estructurales disponibles. Las regulaciones y leyes de planificación urbanística con frecuencia restringen la máxima altura de los nuevos edificios. Por ello una disminución del canto total que suponen la zona estructural y la zona de servicios puede influir considerablemente en la viabilidad económica de un proyecto, tanto por reducir la altura entre plantas de modo que el número de plantas se pueda acomodar a las restricciones como por el hecho de que reduciendo la altura global del edificio conseguimos economizar en los costes de revestimiento ..."

Sistemas avanzados de forjados mixtos. Lección 10. SSEDTA
( Eurocódigos para Estructuras de Acero – Desarrollo de una Propuesta Transnacional )
http://fp.emberey.plus.com/EspEC4/Lecture10/Lecture10.htm

" The thickness of the floor zone is greater than the overall depth of the floor system. It includes the depth required for any floor finishes, set downs or set ups, falls, and the depth required to accommodate belowfloor building services. In modern buildings these often include air conditioning ductwork and fan coil units, ventilation and exhaust ducts, sanitary floor traps and waste pipes, stormwater waste pipes, hot and cold water, fire water and sprinklers, smoke detectors, data and electrical cabling, lighting and many other specialist services. Below these services there is usually a suspended ceiling..."

Cement and Concrete Association of Australia (2003)
Guide to Long-span Concrete Floors

  • ABALOS, Iñaki; HERREROS, Juan
    Implicaciones constructivas de la mecanización del ambiente
    Tecnología y Arquitectura nº 10, octubre 1990
  • ABALOS, I.; HERREROS, J. (3ª ed. 2000)
    Técnica y Arquitectura en la ciudad contemporánea, 1950-2000
    Capítulo 4 . Implicaciones constructivas de la mecanización del ambiente
    Ed. Nerea (1ª ed. 1992)

  • McKENNA, P.D. and LAWSON, R.M. (1997)
    The design of steel frames buildings for service integration
    SCI publication 166, Ascot.
  • McKENNA, P.D. and LAWSON, R.M. (2000)
    Service integration in Slimdek
    SCI publication 273, Ascot.
  • Betonbau. Institute for Structural Engineering


  • Anàlisis global i interacció entre sistemes
    Escola d'Enginyers de Camins, Canals i Ports. Edificació
  • Thermal Mass . A concrete solution for the changing climate
    The Concrete Centre
  • Milano Fair Exhibition Centre
    Concrete Engineering International , May 1999

    Innovative composite spatial structures for the new  Milano Fair Exhibition Facilities
    Bulletin of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures, IASS nº 119 (1995)

  • Louis Kahn
      Yale Art Gallery   más información
      Richards Medical Research Building, Philadelphia   más información
      Salk Institute, La Jolla , Laboratory building  
  • Twin Towers, New York   más información
  • Torre Castelar, Madrid  
Steel framing . Dietrich Trade Ready Floor System

"...the TradeReady Steel Joist System provides large extruded openings in the joist to accommodate electrical, mechanical, plumbing and technology lines..."

http://www.aegismetalframing.com/15300.html

Slimdek Manual. Services Design
Corus Construction Centre

The use of openings in the webs of composite beams allows the services to be incorporated into the structural zone.
Structural Design Criteria.
The British Steel Construction Manual On-Line

CISC-ICCA
Institut canadien de la construction en acier - http://quebec.cisc-icca.ca/
Planchers mixtes alvéolés

" Ce système est particulièrement adapté aux édifices à bureau, pour une portée principale de 12 m, avec 4 plots intercalaires et 3 poutres secondaires par travée. Peu profond par rapport à sa rigidité, avec un rapport longueur/profondeur qui varie de 10-14, il offre des ouvertures « naturelles » pour le passage des conduits et services... "

Macsteel Trading Cellular Beams

PAB Groupe Arcelor Le plancher acier - Réalisations

" In Europe and USA, most of the multi-storey frames are designed using the principles of composite construction for both beams and floor slabs, which is the most economical form of construction. However, since the cost of structure is only 10-20 per cent of the total cost of the building, more value is being attached to other advantages of composite construction. It permits shallower structural depths so that ducts can run below the beams whereas terminal units and other units are located within the depths of the beams. Openings of upto 70 per cent of the beam depth can be provided in the webs to allow the passage of large service ducts with horizontal stiffening, if required, in high shear zones. "

Mediratta. Steel Intensive Construction in India

Possibilités d'utilisation des poutres alvéolaires et leur dimensionnement
CTICM

Composite Floor Joist
Vulcraft Division of Nucor - St Joe, Indiana

Slimfloor is a shallow flat slab system of steel and composite construction that provides an alternative to traditional flat reinforced concrete slabs. The down-stand free slabs show a minimum construction height and allow the unobstructed installation of mechanical services.

Stahl + verbundbau gmbh

Hwbuilders.- Wooden platform over open web trusses.
http://www.hwbuilders.com/ConstructionTechnique.htm

" Open-web, or parallel flat chord trusses, represent the predominate type of floor truss used in homes. They typically consist of a wood top and bottom chord, usually 2x4 material, and wood web materials connected at joints with metal plates. A few manufacturers use steel webs. One advantage of open web member over dimension lumber or I-joists, is that the open space between web members allows for easier routing of utilities..."

ToolBase Services

" OPEN JOIST 2000 eliminates the need to cut or drill through joists to install electrical, plumbing, and HVAC services. Through-web access allows mechanical systems to be "hidden" inside the floor system..."

Modular Home Center of America
Hybeam HJ series floor joists
TrimJoist floor
Benson Wood
Floor System

" Las Losas Reticulares Mixtas (LRM) están formadas por (1) un armazón metálico formado por dos mallas y un separador y (2) una o dos losas de hormigón. En el sistema patentado P200101760 las mallas están separadas la altura de una planta para formar una “macro-losa” que pueda albergar un forjado de instalaciones o servicios..."

Luis Bozzo Estructuras y Proyectos , S.L.

Bison Structures Limited


    " The primary method of meeting both energy-efficiency and construction cost requirements was realized by providing heating and cooling using the thermal mass of the concrete floor slabs in the building."

    " The circular voids in precast concrete hollow core flooring slabs are connected to air-handling ducts, that constantly pump clean fresh air into the building, expelling the old air, and radiating warm air in the winter and cool air in the summer, significantly reducing energy consumption..."

    Centre for Manufacturing and Design Technologies at Sheridan College's William G. Davis campus in Brampton, Ontario,
    CPCI
    " Termodeck is a fabric energy storage system developed in Scandinavia by two Swedish engineers Mr.Loa Andersson and Mr E.Isfalt in the 1970s. The system uses the slab as both a structural component and also a means of ducting ventilation through the building through oval or round shaped ducts (hollow-cores) within the concrete structure. With the TermoDeck systems the slab temperature is very close to the room temperature, thus assisting comfort and making it suitable for displacement ventilation as well as mixed flow ventilation. In Summer the supply air fans at night bring in the cool air into the hollow slabs to cool the building and the warm outside air is cooled in the daytime."

    Building Integrated Energy Systems in Smart Energy Efficient Buildings
    A State-of-the Art

" In most buildings, the need to accommodate services has a major effect on the design of the floor system. In an office building, the office floor areas may have air-conditioning ducting, pipes for fire sprinklers, and cabling for electrics, telephones and computers distributed horizontally above and/or below the floor from risers in service cores..."

Lecture 14.7: Anatomy of Multi-Storey Buildings
ESDEP-the European Steel Design Education Programme
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven

UBU – Biblioteca de la Universidad de Utrecht
Utrecht, Países Bajos
Wiel Arets Architect & Associates / Wiel Arets

" Una de las exigencias prioritarias de los arquitectos era evitar el empleo de falsos techos. Por ese motivo, entre cada dos losas alveolares, se han dejado tiras de 40 cm de ancho para los conductos de los rociadores, detectores de incendios, altavoces, etc. Esta zona de instalaciones queda cubierta por luminarias empotradas y chapas de aluminio. Una integración tal de las instalaciones sólo es posible cuando se tienen en cuenta todos los medios en el anteproyecto."

http://www.detail.de/Db/DbFiles/hefte/157/span.pdf

 

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